BIOL 203 - Anatomy & Physiology II

4 Credit: (3 lecture, 2 lab, 0 clinical) 5 Contact Hours: [BIOL 202 ]

1. Identify the major endocrine glands using the virtual cadaver or diagram. 
2. Distinguish how protein and steroid hormones function at the cellular level. 
3. Describe the source, target and function of selected hormones. 
4. Compare the different methods of hormone regulation. 
5. Describe selected diseases caused by hormonal imbalances. 
6. Describe the stress response. 

Goal 2:  Explain how the blood, blood vessels and heart work together to maintain homeostasis. 

1. Describe the characteristics, functions and synthesis of the blood and blood cells. 
2. Explain how blood cells are produced and recycled. 
3. Describe how blood cells are counted and used in diagnosis of disease. 
4. Explain hemostasis. 
5. Describe selected blood diseases. 
6. Identify the major arteries and veins and heart parts (see Master List for BIOL203). 
7. Compare the structure of arteries and veins.  
8. Relate capillary structure to function regarding nutrient exchange. 
9. Diagram blood flow through the heart and vessels. 
10. Describe electrical system of the heart and its regulation by the PNS and SNS. 
11. Describe cardiac output and its regulators. 
12. Describe the regulation of blood pressure. 
13. Describe how the cardiovascular system reacts to exercise. 

Goal 3:  Explain how the lymphatic system functions to protect humans from disease. 

1. Identify lymph vessels, nodes and organs. 
2. Describe the functions of lymph system. 
3. Compare nonspecific and specific immune responses. 
4. Describe cell mediated and antibody mediated immune responses. 
5. Define immunoglobulin, antigen and antibody. 
6. Compare primary and secondary immune responses. 
7. Explain selected immune system complications including allergic responses, organ rejection and autoimmune diseases. 
8. Discuss cancer and cancer treatment (including basic vocabulary, types and genetics of). 

Goal 4:  Explain the digestion, absorption and assimilation of food and how nutrients are utilized to maintain homeostasis. 

1. Identify the organs of the digestive system on the virtual cadaver or diagram (see Master List for BIOL203). 
2. Describe the function of each organ of the digestive system. 
3. Describe the structure and function of the alimentary canal. 
4. Describe the digestive enzymes and their functions. 
5. Explain the regulation of digestive secretions. 
6. Describe digestive system reflexes, diseases and deviations of homeostasis. 
7. Differentiate between essential and nonessential nutrients. 
8. Describe the regulation of hunger and appetite. 
9. Describe the transport and absorption of the building blocks into the blood. 
10. Describe the metabolism of the building blocks at the cellular level. 
11. Describe energy balance, calorie and metabolic rate. 
12. Describe selected metabolic diseases and their causes. 

Goal 5:  Explain how the respiratory system functions to maintain homeostasis.  

1. Identify the respiratory organs on a given model or diagram (see Master List for BIOL203). 
2. Describe the function of the respiratory organs. 
3. Distinguish between ventilation and respiration. 
4. Measure vital capacity and other respiratory air volumes. 
5. Describe how breathing is controlled and regulated. 
6. Compare gas exchange in the alveoli to gas exchange in the tissue. 
7. Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are carried in the blood. 
8. Describe selected respiratory diseases and their causes. 
9. Describe spirometry. 

Goal 6:  Explain the function of the kidneys in maintaining fluid, pH and electrolyte homeostasis.  

1. Identify the parts of the urinary system on the virtual cadaver, model or diagram. 
2. Describe the function of the urinary system organs. 
3. Describe the structure of a nephron. 
4. Describe the function, control and regulation of the pathway of blood/urine through the urinary system. 
5. Describe selected urinary disorders, diseases and their causes. 
6. Describe the role of the urinary system in maintaining water and electrolyte balance. 
7. Explain the role of the urinary system in maintaining pH. 
8. Describe the integration of the various body system responses when homeostasis is disrupted by diabetes mellitus type II. 

Goal 7:  Compare the male and female reproductive organs and their functions. 

1. Identify the male and female reproductive structures on the virtual cadaver, models or diagrams. 
2. Describe the function of the male and female reproductive structures. 
3. Compare the development of sperm and eggs. 
4. Diagram the ovarian and menstrual cycle. 
5. Describe the role of hormones in gonad development, puberty and sex characteristics. 
6. Trace the pathway of sperm from synthesis to fertilization. 
7. Describe fetal development (the stages) including the hormones involved during pregnancy. 
8. Describe the birthing process. 
9. Discuss infertility, contraception and disorders of the reproductive system. 
10. Explain the basics of genetics and inheritance (if time permits).

Goal 8:  Demonstrate an understanding of the scientific method used in human/medical research. 

1. Identify hypothesis and independent, dependent and control variables in a data set or experiment. 
2. Describe the steps of the scientific process (method). 
3. List characteristics of good scientific methodology and experimentation. 
4. Interpret data presented in different formats (text, table, graph, etc.). 
5. Draw valid conclusions from data examples (i.e. medical or physiological data).