BIOL 107 - Human Biology

4 Credit: (3 lecture, 2 lab, 0 clinical) 5 Contact Hours:

1. Identify body directional slices, body cavities, and anatomical terms.
2. Identify structures of the cell membrane.
3. Identify the major organelles of a cell.
4. Identify specific tissues.
5. Identify the three layers of the skin and corresponding structures.
6. Identify the major bones and their features.
7. Identify different types of synovial joints and their movements.
8. Identify the major skeletal muscles of each body region.
9. Identify the structural components of neurons, nerves, meninges, and the brain.
10. Identify the major endocrine glands.
11. Identify the specified blood vessels and heart parts (cardiovascular system).
12. Identify the organs of the respiratory system.
13. Identify the organs of the urinary system.
14. Identify the glands and organs of the digestive system.
15. Identify the parts of the reproductive system.

Goal 2:  Explain the basic physiological processes of the human body.

1. Define anatomy and physiology.
2. Describe the organization of the human body and its systems.
3. Define the characteristics and requirements of life.
4. Describe homeostasis.
5. List homeostatic set points for body temperature, pH, blood pressure and blood sugar.
6. Describe basic atomic structure using a periodic table.
7. Describe how atomic structure determines bonding interactions.
8. Define isotope and ion.
9. Explain how ionic, covalent and hydrogen bonds affect body function.
10. Describe the concept of pH.
11. Describe the four organic macromolecules, their building blocks and functions.
12. Describe the structure and function of enzymes.
13. Explain how the structure of a cell membrane makes its functions possible.
14. Explain how substances move in and out of cells.
15. Describe the cell cycle.
16. Describe how DNA molecules store and replicate genetic information.
17. Describe the process of protein synthesis.
18. Explain how two differentiated cell types can have the same genetic information but different appearances and functions.
19. Explain the basic process of cellular respiration.
20. Explain how cellular respiration, basal metabolic rate and nutrition are related at the cell level.
21. Describe the general characteristics and functions of the four specific tissue types.
22. Describe functions of cell junctions, glands and membranes.
23. Summarize factors that determine skin color.
24. Describe the general functions of the skin.
25. Explain how the integumentary system helps regulate body temperature.
26. Describe functions of the skeletal system.
27. Distinguish between the functions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
28. Identify the nutritional and hormonal requirements needed for bone development and growth.
29. Describe selected bone diseases (such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, bone fractures, etc.).
30. Describe the function of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissues.
31. Describe in general how muscles contract and relax.
32. Describe how muscles get, store, and use energy.
33. Compare muscle physiology in aerobic vs. anaerobic exercise.
34. Explain how muscles work with tendons to move the body.
35. Distinguish between the central and peripheral nervous systems.
36. Describe the general function of a neuron.
37. Describe the function of electrolytes in nerve impulse conduction.
38. Distinguish between the functions of sensory neurons, interneurons and motor neurons.
39. Describe the components and end result of a reflex arc.
40. Describe the function of the parts of the brain and spinal cord.
41. Contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
42. Describe the components of the endocrine system.
43. Define hormone.
44. List the source, target, and function of selected hormones.
45. Distinguish between protein and steroid hormone action.
46. Discuss how negative feedback mechanisms regulate hormonal secretions.
47. Describe the general components of blood.
48. Summarize red blood cell production.
49. Recognize key blood cell information on a CBC.
50. Distinguish between the functions of erythrocytes, leucocytes, and thrombocytes.
51. Trace the pathway of blood through the heart and the vessels.
52. Explain blood pressure and its regulation.
53. Describe how substances are exchanged at the capillary level.
54. Explain blood typing.
55. Describe the general functions of the lymphatic system.
56. Describe how lymph fluid forms and is moved.
57. Distinguish between the three levels of immune defense.
58. Distinguish between active and passive immunity.
59. Describe the general functions of each component of the digestive system.
60. Explain how the contents of the alimentary canal are mixed and moved.
61. Explain the function of enzymes secreted by the digestive organs.
62. List the essential micro- and macronutrients for humans.
63. For the three macromolecules, distinguish the differences in absorption and utilization by cells.
64. Define calorie.
65. Describe selected metabolic and digestive diseases.
66. Explain the general functions of the respiratory system.
67. Explain the mechanism of inspiration and expiration.
68. Differentiate between ventilation and respiration.
69. Discuss selected respiratory diseases.
70. Describe the purpose of spirometry.
71. List the ways blood transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.
72. Describe the general functions of the organs of the urinary system.
73. Discuss, in general, how urine is created and regulated.
74. Describe the components of normal urine compared to abnormal urine (urinalysis).
75. Explain how water and electrolyte balance are related.
76. Describe the function of the male and female primary and secondary sex organs.
77. Compare spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
78. Compare the ovarian and menstrual cycles.
79. Explain how hormones control the activities of the male and female reproductive organs.
80. Describe the major stages of development.
81. Describe the basic changes in the female occurring during pregnancy.
82. Discuss selected reproductive diseases or disorders (STIs, cancer, endometriosis, etc.).

Goal 3:  Demonstrate an understanding of the scientific process as used in human medicine.

1. Identify hypothesis and independent, dependent and control variables in a given data set or experiment.
2. Distinguish between hypothesis, theory and law.
3. Describe the steps of the scientific process (method).
4. List characteristics of good scientific methodology and experimentation.
5. Interpret data presented in different formats (text, table, graph, etc.).
6. Draw valid conclusions from data examples (i.e., medical or physiological data).